For years, China has focused on moving its industries up the global value chain, including the development of a robust domestic Information Technology (IT) sector. China’s supportive government policies, along with its massive domestic market of 1bn internet users and 882mn smartphone users have given domestic IT firms room to flourish.^1,2 China’s rapid advances in next-generation fields like 5G, mobile payments, e-commerce and artificial intelligence have not gone unnoticed by the international community. Other countries are increasingly attentive to the meteoric rise of China’s Information Technology firms, as they seek to protect their own domestic high tech industries from China’s growing competitiveness.

As an installment in an ongoing series about 11 major economic sectors in China, this piece will examine the Chinese Information Technology sector, which is tracked by the Global X MSCI China Information Technology ETF (CHIK).

Key Stats

Economic output from Telecommunications, Software and Information Technology in 2020 was $587.4bn, according to the Chinese Ministry of Statistics. Value added by the sector grew by an impressive 16.9% last year despite the fact that COVID-19 led to low or negative growth rates for several other sectors. Prior to the pandemic, growth was 18.7% in 2019, only 1.8% higher than 2020’s figures, showing the resilience of this sector amid a difficult global economic environment.^3,4

American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) are stocks of Chinese companies listed on American stock exchanges. A shares are listed on domestic stock exchanges in China and have been historically difficult to access. P Chips are stocks of companies operating in China, listed in Hong Kong, and incorporated in the Cayman or British Virgin Islands. Red Chips are stocks of companies based in China, incorporated abroad, and listed in Hong Kong. H shares are stocks of companies incorporated in China and listed in Hong Kong.

Background on the Information Technology Sector in China

Perhaps no city better captures the quick ascent of China’s Information Technology center than Shenzhen. In 1980, Deng Xiaoping established a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in Shenzhen, which at the time was a small city surrounded by underdeveloped villages near the Hong Kong border. As an SEZ, Shenzhen was granted unique privileges of relaxed price controls, foreign direct investment and other capitalist market policies unprecedented since the founding of the PRC in 1949. Shenzhen is now a bustling metropolis that boasts a GDP of $429 billion, or approximately 3% of China’s GDP, and is home to tech giants like Tencent, Huawei, ZTE and drone-maker DJI. About 90% of the world’s electronics come from Shenzhen.⁵

In 1991, there were only 261 patent applications in the Shenzhen SEZ. By 2019, that number skyrocketed about a thousand times to 261,502.

Shenzhen is not the only innovative city in China often compared to Silicon Valley. Shortly before the founding of the Shenzhen SEZ, a cluster of private tech enterprises began to emerge in an area of Beijing known as Zhongguancun.⁶ The area became known for its crowded electronics markets and the tech giants that it nurtured; Lenovo, JD.com, Kuaishou, Baidu, Bytedance, Didi, Xiaomi and Meituan all have roots in Zhongguancun. Zhongguancun and Shenzhen are both important to the Chinese tech industry and worth paying attention to.

The IT sector consists of several industries, each with their own drivers and features.

• ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT, INSTRUMENTS & COMPONENTS

The largest industry group is electronic equipment, representing over one third of the sector. China’s extensive supply chains, fixed capital investment, and low cost of labor has made it a prime destination for the manufacturing of electronic equipment, instruments and components. China exported approximately $1.4 trillion in electronic equipment and computers in 2019.⁷ In response to growing demand from emerging technologies like 5G and electric vehicles, in February 2021 the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology announced a plan to achieve $322.35bn in total electronic components sales and develop 15 electronic component companies with revenue over the $1.5bn mark by 2023.⁸

SUB-INDUSTRY LEADERS: Sunny Optical, Kingboard, AAC Technologies

• SEMICONDUCTORS & SEMICONDUCTOR EQUIPMENT

The third largest industry group is semiconductors and semiconductor equipment, which makes up 18% of the sector. One of the major themes in the Chinese semiconductor industry is the need to establish self-sufficiency. China imports upwards of $300bn in semiconductors every year and lacks the technological expertise needed to fulfill its own domestic need for advanced semiconductors.⁹ Through policy initiatives like Made in China 2025, the Chinese government has been trying to close the technology gap between local companies and well-established companies in the US, South Korea, Taiwan and Japan. Most of China’s investment into the semiconductor industry on the national level is carried out through the National Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund, which was established in 2014 with $21.2bn in capital, around $14.2bn of which went into semiconductor manufacturing by the end of 2019. In 2019, the Chinese government poured another $31.2bn into the fund to further stimulate investment in this strategic industry.¹⁰ In the 14^th five-year plan, which was released in March 2021, China included third-generation semiconductor technology in a list of technologies it wants to support with scientific research programs.¹¹ Out of the $1.4 trillion that the government plans to spend on the IT industry until 2025, roughly $155bn is earmarked for semiconductors.¹² So far these initiatives have had limited success, but Beijing hopes to turn that around. US sanctions against Huawei in 2019 and against SMIC in 2020 underscore how the Chinese semiconductor industry is vulnerable to political risk.

SUB-INDUSTRY LEADERS: Xinyi Solar, Huahong, Longi Green Energy

• TECHNOLOGY, HARDWARE, STORAGE & PERIPHERALS

China’s tech and hardware industry has grown quickly with some companies already establishing notable footprints abroad. Lenovo acquired the now well-known ThinkPad laptop line from IBM in 2005 and is today a globally renowned brand. Leading smartphone-makers Xiaomi and Huawei are now formidable competitors with brands like Apple and Samsung in certain regions, including Europe. China produces 90% of the world’s PCs, 90% of mobile phones and 70% of televisions.¹³ China’s evolving role in the global hardware industry simply cannot be understated.

SUB-INDUSTRY LEADERS: Xiaomi, Lenovo, Ninestar

• SOFTWARE

Chinese tech giants that specialize in hardware, e-commerce or telecommunication also tend to have a strong presence in the software industry. In 2020, the Chinese Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) published a list of the top 100 software companies in China and the top positions were occupied by companies known for other lines of business, like smartphone-makers Huawei, ZTE, Xiaomi and appliance-maker Haier.¹⁴ One notable characteristic of the Chinese software industry is the lack of software-as-a-service (SaaS) giants. Concerns over data security and the reluctance of large companies and state-owned enterprises to shift away from pre-existing investments in traditional software solutions are both factors that prevented the emergence of SaaS giants.¹⁵ Whereas eight of the top twenty American software companies in 2019 had a SaaS business model, the same could not be said for any of the top twenty Chinese software companies.¹⁶ This is indicative of how there is still room for growth in the software industry as Chinese companies embrace the latest technologies.

SUB-INDUSTRY LEADERS: Kingdee, Kingsoft, China Youzan

• COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT

China’s massive domestic market with nearly 1bn internet users has directly benefitted China’s communications equipment industry. Huawei and ZTE are major global leaders in 5G equipment with 28% and 9% of global market share of networking equipment, respectively.¹⁷ Both of these companies must contend with US sanctions implemented during the Trump administration, yet continue to benefit domestically from China’s extensive rollout of 5G networks. The establishment of a national 5G network should support innovation and experimentation across other emerging industries in China, such as the IoT, AI, and telemedicine.

SUB-INDUSTRY LEADERS: BYD Electronic, ZTE, Hengtong Optic

• IT SERVICES

Some of the leaders in Chinese IT services are DHC Software, GDS Holdings, TravelSky and Kingsoft. GDS Holdings has data centers around the country and provides cloud services to a wide array of firms. As the name would suggest, TravelSky provides IT solutions primarily to airlines and other tourism-related businesses. Meanwhile, DHC Software specializes in industry software development and other IT services for a diverse range of industries.¹⁸

SUB-INDUSTRY LEADERS: GDS Holdings, TravelSky, Kingsoft Cloud

 

For Top 10 Holdings for the fund please click here. Holdings are subject to change. Current and future holdings are subject to risk.

Long Term Tailwinds for China’s IT Sector

• National Strategic Policy: The Made in China 2025 plan was issued by the State Council in May 2015. The 10 year plan, which takes some inspiration from Germany’s Industry 4.0 plan, is designed to comprehensively upgrade China’s manufacturing so that the country can maintain medium to high-speed growth.¹⁹ Among the ten critical industries targeted for increased growth are Information Technology, artificial intelligence, power equipment, chipmaking and advanced robots. Chipmaking stands out because of how crucial it is to the competitive power of the Chinese tech industry. Although China has the world’s fourth largest chip foundry, SMIC, its technology still lags competitors in South Korea, Japan, Taiwan and the US. As the recent sanctions against Huawei demonstrated, Chinese tech companies can be vulnerable to foreign policy. Huawei’s smartphone sales tanked by 40% in the last quarter of 2020 because of US sanctions.²⁰ One of the goals of Made in China 2025 is to fix this vulnerability. Beijing’s consternation over dependence on foreign technology was palpable in the 14th Five-Year Plan (FYP), which was approved in March 2021 at the 13th National People’s Congress (NPC). The 14th FYP stands out because of its emphasis on technological innovation and fostering a dual-circulation economy that can withstand external shocks. In particular, the plan sets out a goal of maintaining 7% annual growth in R&D spending over the next five years. Both Made in China 2025 and the 14th FYP underscore Beijing’s increasing prioritization of the IT sector.
• Growth of E-commerce: The growth of China’s e-commerce market over the last 15 years has been closely linked to the growth of domestic smartphones and internet services. In 2005, China’s e-commerce market accounted for less than 1% percent of the global market, compared to the US market which accounted for 34.9%. By 2016, China’s E-commerce market made up 42% of global sales, compared to 24.1% by the US.²¹ Chinese E-commerce has been boosted by a broad adoption of mobile payments, as evidenced by the fact China’s mobile payment penetration rate stood at 81% in 2019, compared to 29% in the US.²² Continued growth of e-commerce in China will likely propel significant smart phone sales and 5G investments across the country.

While growth in e-commerce sales through PC devices stagnates, e-commerce sales through mobile devices has grown explosively, in part because of the rapid growth of mobile payments.

• Increased Technology Adoption: China is quickly adopting technologies both old and new. China’s internet coverage rate rose from 38.3% in 2011 to 59.6% in 2018.²³ Although this number is still low compared to developed countries, some of which have internet penetration rates above 90%, China’s massive population means that it has 3 times as many internet users and 3.75 times as many mobile phone users as the US. The rapid 4G adoption rates of these online consumers provides the backbone for data-intensive media consumption, mobile payments, and chat features. China is currently rolling out 5G technology to enhance internet speeds. It has already installed around 700,000 5G bases and plans on installing 600,000 more by the end of 2021.²⁴ A functional and integrated 5G network could form a critical foundation for the emerging Internet of Things industry and artificial intelligence, helping give China a competitive edge over other major economies.

• Growing Foreign Demand for Technology Made in China: While Chinese tech companies are still building their global presence, their products are gaining popularity abroad. As of Q4 2020, Xiaomi, Huawei, Vivo and Oppo phones made up 11%, 8%, 8% and 9% of global market share respectively.²⁵ In Europe, Huawei went from having a near negligible market share of 1% back in 2013 to hovering around 18% for most of 2019 and 2020, putting it at third place behind Apple and Samsung. There are some markets where Chinese products are already preferred, like India where Xiaomi sold 41mn phones in 2020, putting it at first place with a market share of 27%.²⁶ Meanwhile, Lenovo came in first place for the most worldwide PC vendor unit shipments in Q4 2020, with a total of 21,491,000 units shipped.²⁷

Oppo, Xiaomi, Huawei, and Vivo (all Chinese brands) comprised 36% of global sales in Q4 2020. Huawei noticeably dropped down to 8% in Q4 2020 from 14% in Q4 2019, likely due to pressure from US sanctions.

• Capital Markets Expansion: As a result of decades of regulatory reform, China’s markets continue to open up. This has allowed more Chinese IT sector companies to obtain foreign capital. In 2009, the Shenzhen Stock Exchange launched the ChiNext board, which is focused on technology stocks. Over the last two years, the ChiNext platform has grown substantially and now has 912 listed companies and a total of $1.66 trillion in stock market value.²⁸ In 2019, the Shanghai Stock Exchange launched its Science and Technology Innovation Board, also known as the STAR Market, which aspires to be a NASDAQ-like platform. Just two years after its founding, the STAR market now has 230 listed stocks and a total of $519.68bn in market capitalization.²⁹

Headwinds and Scrutiny:

The IT industry is important for national security and the sudden rise of Chinese tech giants has been met with scrutiny in the West, sometimes in the form of sanctions or trade restrictions. In 2019, the Trump administration restricted the export of US technology to Huawei. In 2020, the US Department of Commerce sent a letter to American companies stating that certain exports to SMIC would require a special license. And in 2021, Xiaomi was banned from listing in the US for alleged ties to the Chinese military (it is currently listed in Hong Kong). These sanctions have not been fatal to the aforementioned companies, which have focused most of their growth on the domestic and regional markets, but present a significant political risk worth consideration.

Conclusion

The Chinese IT sector has made leaps and bounds since the formation of Zhongguancun and the establishment of the Shenzhen SEZ. It has been able to do so in no small part due to its large population and quick adoption of digital technologies. Going forward, there are long-term tailwinds that should continue to push growth in the Chinese IT sector as it aspires to be a global competitor taking on giants in Silicon Valley, Seoul and Tokyo.

 

 

 

---

FOOTNOTES

1. Statista, as of Nov 24, 2020.

2. CNBC, “China says it now has nearly one billion internet users,” Feb 4, 2021.

3. China National Bureau of Statistics, “Q4 2020 and Annual Domestic GDP Preliminary Calculation Results,” Jan 19, 2021.

4. Bloomberg as of March 24, 2021.

5. Forbes, “A Look Inside Shenzhen’s High-Tech Empire,” Jul 14, 2016.

6. KrASIA, “How Zhongguancun Became the Innovation Hub Powering China’s Tech Aspirations,” Dec 16, 2020.

7. China Ministry of Commerce, as of Mar 2021.

8. China Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, “Electric Components Industry Set to Receive Significant Policy Support,” Feb 1, 2021.

9. Brookings, “Lagging but motivated: the state of China’s semiconductor industry,” Jan 7, 2021.

10. Tech Node, “Where China is investing in semiconductors, in charts,” Mar 4, 2021.

11. Chinese government, “The 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the PRC and Outline of Distant Goals for 2035,” Mar 13, 2021.

12. TechSpot, “China will use aging chips while its semiconductor industry catches up,” Mar 5, 2021.

13. McKinsey, “China and the World Report: Inside the Dynamics of a Changing Relationship,” Jul 2019.

14. Gizmochina, “China’s MIIT releases list of top 100 software companies; Huawei leads again, Xiaomi makes top 10,” Jan 20, 2020.

15. Dezan Shira and Associates, “China’s SaaS Market is Booming: Why foreign investors should pay attention,” Apr 8, 2019.

16. TechNode, “Where are China’s SaaS giants?,” Sep 30, 2020.

17. Gizmochina, “Huawei and ZTE global telecom market share rises thanks to 5G in China,” Dec 4, 2020.

18. Forbes, “DHC Software.”

19. Chinese Government, “Li Keqiang Discusses Made in China 2025: Moving from a big manufacturing country to a strong manufacturing country,” Aug 10, 2017.

20. MSN, “Huawei is reportedly working on pig-farming AI, as US sanctions continue to hit smartphone sales,” Feb 19, 2021.

21. World Economic Forum, “42% of global e-commerce is happening in China, here’s why,” Apr 10, 2018.

22. Statista, as of Nov 10, 2020.

23. Bloomberg, as of Mar 26, 2021.

24. South China Morning Post, “China doubles down on 5G roll-out in 2021 despite complaints about spotty coverage, hard-selling,” Dec 29, 2020.

25. Counterpoint Research, “Global Smartphone Market Share: By Quarter,” Feb 22, 2021.

26. GizChina, “Xiaomi is the leader in the smartphone market in India in 2020,” Feb 16, 2021.

27. Gartner, “Worldwide PC shipments grew 10.7% in fourth quarter of 2020 and 4.8% for the year,” Jan 11, 2021.

28. Shenzhen Stock Exchange, as of Mar 24, 2021.

29. Shanghai Stock Exchange, as of March 24, 2021.