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Liquefied natural gas (LNG) has transformed global energy markets, in large part because of U.S. emergence as a leading exporter. However, the environmental impact of LNG, particularly greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, remains contentious.

A new study, Gas Pathing: Improved Greenhouse Gas Emission Estimates of Liquefied Natural Gas Exports through Enhanced Supply Chain Resolution, published in ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, sheds new light on this issue.

Revolutionizing Life Cycle Assessments

Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs) are vital for evaluating LNG’s environmental footprint, covering its journey from extraction to end use. This new study by Roman-White et al. refines LCA methodologies, improving accuracy and offering actionable insights. Building upon earlier research sponsored by Cheniere Energy, it delves deeper into emissions variability across LNG supply chains.

Key Findings

• Enhanced Gas Pathing Algorithm: The study introduces a sophisticated algorithm that identifies 138 distinct pathways for natural gas within the U.S., revealing significant emission variations based on transportation routes.
• Lower Emissions Estimates: Reference GHG intensities for U.S. LNG delivered to Europe were found to be 22-53% lower than prior studies, suggesting earlier overestimations.
• Impact of Modern Data: When incorporating recent measurement data, emissions estimates increased by 41-52% over the reference case but remained 20-28% lower than older studies relying on less empirical data.
• Variability in Emissions: Emissions varied by up to six times between pathways, emphasizing the need for pathway-specific assessments to grasp the full environmental impact of LNG.

Methodology and Approach

The study utilized detailed data from two U.S. liquefaction facilities, analyzing various stages of the LNG supply chain. These included production, processing, transmission, liquefaction, and shipping. By applying their gas pathing algorithm, researchers crafted a comprehensive emissions profile, accounting for regional and operational nuances.

Implications for the Energy Sector

1. Policy and Regulation: The study underscores the necessity for precise emissions data to craft effective climate policies.
2. Industry Practices: It provides the LNG industry with tools to optimize supply chains, lowering their environmental impact.
3. Consumer Awareness: Enhanced understanding of LNG’s emissions equips stakeholders to make more sustainable energy choices.

Contextual Discussion

This study adds depth to ongoing debates about LNG’s environmental implications. A recent Forbes article explored claims that LNG might exceed coal in emissions. However, Roman-White et al.’s detailed LCAs suggest that LNG’s emissions are often lower than earlier estimates, depending on specific pathways. This highlights the importance of granular data in evaluating energy sources.

Conclusion

The study by Roman-White et al. marks a pivotal advancement in quantifying LNG’s GHG emissions. By refining methodologies and embracing detailed, data-driven approaches, it provides a clearer picture of LNG’s environmental footprint. This research not only aids policymakers and industry stakeholders but also supports global efforts toward more sustainable energy practices.

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