The latest JOLTS report (Job Openings and Labor Turnover Summary), with data through January, is now available. From the press release:

The number of job openings was little changed at 11.3 million on the last business day of January, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Hires and total separations were little changed at 6.5 million and 6.1 million, respectively. Within separations, the quits rate decreased to 2.8 percent. The layoffs and discharges rate was little changed at 0.9 percent. This release includes estimates of the number and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by industry, by four geographic regions, and by establishment size class. The release also includes 2021 annual estimates for hires and separations. The annual number of hires and quits in 2021 increased to 75.6 million and 47.8 million, respectively. The annual number of layoffs and discharges decreased to 17.0 million in 2021.

The first chart below shows four of the headline components of the overall series, which the BLS began tracking in December 2000. The time frame is quite limited compared to the main BLS data series in the monthly employment report, many of which go back to 1948, and the enormously popular Nonfarm Employment (PAYEMS) series goes back to 1939. Nevertheless, there are some clear JOLTS correlations with the most recent business cycle trends.

The chart below shows the monthly data points four of the JOLTS series. They are quite volatile, hence the inclusion of six-month moving averages to help identify the trends. The moving average for openings was above the hires levels for over five years, as seen in the chart below. The openings MA dipped below the hires for a brief two months (May and June 2020), only to climb above once more in July 2020.

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For comparison, here is the monthly BLS Employment Situation Summary charted with JOLTS data:

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A Population-Adjusted Perspective on JOLTS

The chart above is based on the actual numbers in the JOLTS report. A better way to view the numbers is as a percent of Nonfarm Employment, which essentially gives us a population-adjusted version of the data. Here is that adjustment for four of the JOLTS series. Note that the vertical axis for each is optimized for the high-low range to facilitate an understanding of the individual trends.

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Where Are We Now in the Business Cycle?

Based on the six-month moving averages, we can see that:

• The openings moving average is above the hires levels.
• Hires are below their all-time high.
• Quits are at their all-time high.
• The Layoffs and Discharges series is below its pre-pandemic levels.

The Trend in Quits

To reiterate a previous point: Increases in Quits suggest employment flexibility. Quits tend to be inversely correlated with Layoffs & Discharges, which are associated with business cycle weakness. Following the last recession, Quits began increasing in 2010, and the rate accelerated in 2013 and continued to rise. Layoffs & Discharges fell post Great-recession and leveled out for many years. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, layoffs and discharges saw all-time highs.

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It would, of course, be excellent if we had historical JOLTS data stretching back through several business cycles. But alas we do not.

The JOLTS reports is interesting to watch, but the volatility of the data, which is also subject to revisions, encourages caution in taking the data for any given month very seriously.