The Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration (EIA) monthly data on volume sales is several weeks old when it released. The latest numbers, through mid-May, are now available. However, despite the lag, this report offers an interesting perspective on fascinating aspects of the US economy. Gasoline prices and increases in fuel efficiency are important factors, but there are also some significant demographic and cultural dynamics in this data series.

Because the sales data are highly volatile with some obvious seasonality, we've added a 12-month moving average (MA) to give a clearer indication of the long-term trends. The latest 12-month MA is 0.8% below its all-time high set in August 2005 and well off its -8.9% interim low set in August 2014.

(Click on image to enlarge)

The next chart includes an overlay of real monthly retail gasoline prices, all grades and formulations, adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index (the red line). We've shortened the timeline to start with EIA price series, which dates from August 1990. The retail prices are updated weekly, so the price series is the more current of the two.

(Click on image to enlarge)

As we would expect, the rapid rise in gasoline prices in 2008 was accompanied by a significant drop in sales volume. With the official end of the recession in June 2009, sales reversed direction. The 12-month MA hit an interim high in November 2010 and then resumed contraction. Since September of 2014, sales have been on the rise, most likely due to the drop in gasoline prices. The moving average for the latest month is 0.5% below the pre-recession level.

Average Daily Volume Sales Per Capita

The next chart adjusts the 12-month MA of sales volume for population growth based on the monthly data for Civilian Non-Institutional Population over age 16 from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, via the St. Louis FRED repository. What we see here is that gasoline sales on a per-capita basis are 4.6% lower than at the end of the Great Recession. The gallons-per-capita series includes the complete EIA data, but since we're using the 12-month MA, the blue line starts in 1984. We see the double peak in March 1989 (the all-time high) and August 1990. The latest per-capita daily average is 18.2% below the 1989 high but off the -22.2% interim low set in September 2014.

(Click on image to enlarge)

What does this analysis suggest about the state of the economy? From an official standpoint, the Great Recession ended well before the most recent gasoline sales monthly data point. But if we want a simple confirmation that the economy has recovered to full growth, gasoline sales continues to be the wrong place to look.

In addition to improvements in fuel efficiency, declines in gasoline consumption per capita can be attributable in large part to some powerful secular changes in US demographics and culture in general:

• We have an aging population leaving the workforce, which we clearly see in the sustained contraction in the employment-population ratio.
• There is growing trend toward a portable workplace and the ability to work from home.
• Social media has provided powerful alternatives to face-to-face interaction requiring transportation (Internet apps, games, the ubiquitous mobile phone for talk and texting).
• There has been a general trend in young adults to drive less (related to points two and three above). See this report at the U.S. PIRG website for details.
• The US is experiencing accelerating urban population growth, which reduces the per-capita dependence on gasoline.

As we've continued to observe in this monthly update, we are living in interesting times.