I got a tweet the other day pointing me to a report from the Financial Stability Board about the use of decentralized technologies for financial services.

Excellent report from the Financial Stability Board @fsb about the impact of decentralized #fintech@JimMarous @SpirosMargaris @Xbond49 @jblefevre60 @UrsBolt @leimer @Chris_Skinner @RAlexJimenez #finserv #DeFi #DLT #payments #lending
➡️https://t.co/toIsNQ580a pic.twitter.com/LUfGxn9akl

— Sebastien Meunier (@sbmeunier) November 7, 2019

Clicking through to read the report, from June this year, it is interesting. It notes that decentralizing finance can be effective in areas like payments and trade finance, but that there is not one way of doing this.

There is:

• Decentralization of decision-making. This involves a move away from a single trusted financial intermediary or infrastructure towards systems in which a broad set of users is able to make decisions about whether and how to undertake financial transactions.
• Decentralization of risk-taking. This involves the shift away from the retention of risk (e.g. credit and liquidity risk) on the balance sheets of individual traditional financial intermediaries towards more direct matching of individual users and providers of financial services.
• Decentralization of record-keeping. This involves a move away from centrally held data and records, towards systems in which the ability to store and access data is extended across broader consortia of users. Verification of such data and records may also be more distributed, for example via consensus mechanisms.

Here’s the full intro:

Financial technology (FinTech) is changing many facets of finance. These include retail and wholesale payments, financial market infrastructures, investment management, insurance, credit provision, and capital raising. Global investment in FinTech rose to a record US$112 billion in 2018. Nascent technologies such as distributed ledgers, cloud services, big data, and artificial intelligence (AI) are being tested for a wide variety of financial operations, to make them faster, more robust and less costly.5 Their impact on financial services could be broad, and their applications include the settlement of interbank payments and the verification and reconciliation of trade finance invoices. They may also play a role in executing, enforcing and verifying the performance of contracts.

This report focuses on applications of technologies that may reduce or eliminate the need for one or more intermediaries or centralized processes in the provision of financial services.

These are termed decentralized financial technologies. Such technology can facilitate a move away from single entities that grant access to and validate transactions, towards the decentralization of information recording (e.g. via distributed ledgers) as well as the process by which it is updated (e.g. consensus mechanisms). Technology is also facilitating the decentralization of risk-taking and decision-making. For example, peer-to-peer (P2P) lending and insurance are, in places, shifting credit and other risks away from a single entity (e.g. a bank or an insurer) to individual savers (or pools thereof). Entities that use these technologies may have no clear location or multiple locations across jurisdictions, some of which may change over time (e.g. via the flexible configurations of servers).

The technologies underlying such applications may themselves be decentralized. Such technologies – for example, distributed ledger technology (DLT), which can store information in a decentralized manner – are the focus of this report. But technologies that underlie the decentralised provision of financial services need not, themselves, be decentralized. For example, cloud computing or technology based on AI and machine learning may be provided in a centralized manner, but still, be used to provide decentralized financial services through online platforms.

Bearing this distinction in mind, this report identifies specific technologies that enable the decentralization of financial activity and assesses which financial services are beginning to see various forms of decentralization. It also makes a preliminary assessment of the implications of these technologies for financial stability, and some issues this might raise for financial supervision and regulation.