What Is Quadruple Witching Day?

Quadruple witching day is the last trading day for monthly stock options, monthly index options, single stock futures and many futures contracts. For 2019, this day fell during the week of Sept 15 – 21. Though the markets are always subject to some manipulation, on quadruple witching day, the level of stock market manipulation is typically greater than on any other day.

I happen to be teaching a class in Online Trading Academy’s Philadelphia center on quadruple witching day and explained to them that, to understand what is happening you must first understand the mindset of many of the professional traders in the major institutions. For example, when trading options, many pros would prefer to sell options instead of buying them, which makes sense when you think about it.

Buying vs. Selling Options on Quadruple Witching Day

Traders who buy options only make money when the price of the underlying security moves in their favor within the allotted time frame. In contrast, those who sell an option could profit from changes in volatility and time decay. In that case, they could make money if prices move in their favor, if prices move slightly against them, or if price does not move at all! There are three possibilities for profit when selling options versus only one for those who buy. This gives options traders a higher probability for reward when selling options than when buying them.

This is where quadruple witching day manipulation comes into play. The traders who have sold options want to gain from them expiring worthless. It is like your insurance company hoping that you drive safely and never file a claim. Your policy expires, they keep your premium, and you renew the policy and pay a new premium!

What Is Pinning?

To realize gains from large option or even futures positions, institutional traders will often buy or sell the underlying stocks to push prices to a point where the close will benefit them. This action, in which traders attempt to pin the price of the stock or the broad market to profit from a derivative position, is called pinning.

Pinning is illegal in most exchanges in the world and traders who participate in this high-volume trading to manipulate prices could face penalties. The problem is in catching the culprit in order for the authorities and the exchanges to punish them.

So, what should a retail trader do about this pinning? Recognize that it does happen and either stay out of the market or trade the momentum. Trading at quadruple witching day can be very risky, as traders need to be quick in their decision to enter and exit when the momentum is slowing, not reversing. It is not for everyone, but for those who are prepared, it is possible to participate in the market moves caused by pinning that occurs in the markets every expiration day.

Strategy for Trading at Expiration

Open interest can be used to identify where institutional traders are accumulating large positions. Open interest is a statistic unique to options and futures trading.It is the total number of contracts that are currently in existence that have not been offset by closing trades.This stat is different than volume, which is the number of contracts traded for the day.

To illustrate, if a trader were to buy an option to open a position and the person who sold the option is also opening a new position, volume would increase by one and open interest would increase by one.If they then sold the option to someone else who did not already have a position, then volume would increase but the open interest would not change because they transferred their interest to someone else.

In the case of selling an option, open interest would have decreased if they had sold the option to someone who had already sold an option and was buying to close their position.Since both of parties are closing positions, the option contract is not needed anymore, and open interest goes down even though the transaction increases the volume reported.

Understanding open interest can seem confusing at first, but our options and futures instructors at Online Trading Academy do an incredible job at making difficult concepts easy to understand in the classroom.

Open interest is important to stock traders and investors as well as option traders because it shows us where traders are putting their money. Open interest can also help as an odds enhancer when analyzing supply and demand zones. If there is high open interest at or just beyond a zones, the zone is more likely to hold as many traders sold options beyond it.

This week, I showed the students the open interest on the SPY and QQQ along with the zones we identified. In the SPY, you can see the huge open interest on both the calls above 300 and the puts below it. Even though prices were much higher on Thursday, on Friday, the markets opened near the $300 price point and tried to stay there for the day. Unfortunately for many traders, there was news about the trade war that caused a panic and the selloff that followed drove prices just above the $298 level where those puts expired worthless.

(Click on image to enlarge)

(Click on image to enlarge)

For the QQQ, the Nasdaq ETF, there was a similar move. Prices shied away from the $195 price where there was high open interest on the calls. After the major selloff, the prices closed just above the $190 put open interest of over 50,000 contracts.

(Click on image to enlarge)

(Click on image to enlarge)

Watching the potential pinning activity in the week before option expiration and the open interest on the weekly options can also assist those traders looking to make profits on short-term swing trades as well.